How to Define Controllers as Services¶

In the book, you’ve learned how easily a controller can be used when it extends the base Controller class. While this works fine, controllers can also be specified as services.

注解

Specifying a controller as a service takes a little bit more work. The primary advantage is that the entire controller or any services passed to the controller can be modified via the service container configuration. This is especially useful when developing an open-source bundle or any bundle that will be used in many different projects.

A second advantage is that your controllers are more “sandboxed”. By looking at the constructor arguments, it’s easy to see what types of things this controller may or may not do. And because each dependency needs to be injected manually, it’s more obvious (i.e. if you have many constructor arguments) when your controller has become too big, and may need to be split into multiple controllers.

So, even if you don’t specify your controllers as services, you’ll likely see this done in some open-source Symfony bundles. It’s also important to understand the pros and cons of both approaches.

Defining the Controller as a Service¶

A controller can be defined as a service in the same way as any other class. For example, if you have the following simple controller:

// src/AppBundle/Controller/HelloController.php
namespace AppBundle\Controller;

use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

class HelloController
{
    public function indexAction($name)
    {
        return new Response('<html><body>Hello '.$name.'!</body></html>');
    }
}

Then you can define it as a service as follows:

YAML

# app/config/services.yml
services:
    app.hello_controller:
        class: AppBundle\Controller\HelloController

XML

<!-- app/config/services.xml -->
<services>
    <service id="app.hello_controller" class="AppBundle\Controller\HelloController" />
</services>

PHP

// app/config/services.php
use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Definition;

$container->setDefinition('app.hello_controller', new Definition(
    'AppBundle\Controller\HelloController'
));

Referring to the Service¶

To refer to a controller that’s defined as a service, use the single colon (:) notation. For example, to forward to the indexAction() method of the service defined above with the id app.hello_controller:

$this->forward('app.hello_controller:indexAction', array('name' => $name));

注解

You cannot drop the Action part of the method name when using this syntax.

You can also route to the service by using the same notation when defining the route _controller value:

YAML

# app/config/routing.yml
hello:
    path:     /hello
    defaults: { _controller: app.hello_controller:indexAction }

XML

<!-- app/config/routing.xml -->
<route id="hello" path="/hello">
    <default key="_controller">app.hello_controller:indexAction</default>
</route>

PHP

// app/config/routing.php
$collection->add('hello', new Route('/hello', array(
    '_controller' => 'app.hello_controller:indexAction',
)));

小技巧

You can also use annotations to configure routing using a controller defined as a service. See the FrameworkExtraBundle documentation for details.

Alternatives to base Controller Methods¶

When using a controller defined as a service, it will most likely not extend the base Controller class. Instead of relying on its shortcut methods, you’ll interact directly with the services that you need. Fortunately, this is usually pretty easy and the base Controller class source code is a great source on how to perform many common tasks.

For example, if you want to render a template instead of creating the Response object directly, then your code would look like this if you were extending Symfony’s base controller:

// src/AppBundle/Controller/HelloController.php
namespace AppBundle\Controller;

use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller;

class HelloController extends Controller
{
    public function indexAction($name)
    {
        return $this->render(
            'AppBundle:Hello:index.html.twig',
            array('name' => $name)
        );
    }
}

If you look at the source code for the render function in Symfony’s base Controller class, you’ll see that this method actually uses the templating service:

public function render($view, array $parameters = array(), Response $response = null)
{
    return $this->container->get('templating')->renderResponse($view, $parameters, $response);
}

In a controller that’s defined as a service, you can instead inject the templating service and use it directly:

// src/AppBundle/Controller/HelloController.php
namespace AppBundle\Controller;

use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Templating\EngineInterface;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

class HelloController
{
    private $templating;

    public function __construct(EngineInterface $templating)
    {
        $this->templating = $templating;
    }

    public function indexAction($name)
    {
        return $this->templating->renderResponse(
            'AppBundle:Hello:index.html.twig',
            array('name' => $name)
        );
    }
}

The service definition also needs modifying to specify the constructor argument:

YAML

# app/config/services.yml
services:
    app.hello_controller:
        class:     AppBundle\Controller\HelloController
        arguments: ["@templating"]

XML

<!-- app/config/services.xml -->
<services>
    <service id="app.hello_controller" class="AppBundle\Controller\HelloController">
        <argument type="service" id="templating"/>
    </service>
</services>

PHP

// app/config/services.php
use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Definition;
use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Reference;

$container->setDefinition('app.hello_controller', new Definition(
    'AppBundle\Controller\HelloController',
    array(new Reference('templating'))
));

Rather than fetching the templating service from the container, you can inject only the exact service(s) that you need directly into the controller.

注解

This does not mean that you cannot extend these controllers from your own base controller. The move away from the standard base controller is because its helper methods rely on having the container available which is not the case for controllers that are defined as services. It may be a good idea to extract common code into a service that’s injected rather than place that code into a base controller that you extend. Both approaches are valid, exactly how you want to organize your reusable code is up to you.